American Indian Boarding Schools Essay

The establishment of the schools for Native Americans is not a new phenomenon as efforts were made at in the 19th century with emphasis being placed on the development of educational facilities where American Indian’s children could get educated through boarding schools. The aim was to bring them into the mainstream American society and to teach them the values of the new American culture. First such experiment was made in 1879 when Capitan Richard Henry Pratt established Carlisle Indian Industrial School in Pennsylvania. However, that experiment was not successful as many believed it was marred by the gross abuse of the Indian Americans and finally school was closed. However, the efforts were continued to be made to formalize education for the Native Americans so that they can become effectively a part of the US society at much larger scale as well as contribute towards the development of the society. The aim of these schools were to replace the traditional ways of the American Indians with those sanctioned by the government so that Natives can be melt down into the mainstream American economy. In order to achieve the aim, a federal India Policy was adopted which advocated the separation of the Indian children from their families to enroll them into government run boarding schools. The aim was to immerse young people to adapt to the new society and replace their old and traditional way of living with the new and modern way of living. This essay will attempt to understand the principle objectives of the US. Indian Policy during 19th and early 20th century as well as discussing the role of education in fulfilling that aim besides discussing some other issues. Principle Objectives Over the period of time, federal government established many schools including boarding, reservation, mission as well as day schools to bring in the native Indian American children into the new system of education. It is also important to discuss that many of the schools opened were also a part of the treaties made with the local Indian tribes by the federal government as well as some schools were established by the priests in order to combine the modern day education with the religious as well as cultural education. These schools were funded by the federal government too. The principle objectives behind the establishment of such schools were many folds. As discussed above that the basic purpose was to bring in Native American children into the mainstream schools however, the basic principles on which such schools were built included military school regimen, strict adherence to the English language only, and further emphasis on splitting the time of children in such a way that on one hand they get their education and in their spare time, they emphasis more on vocational training. A close observation of the above principle objectives would suggest that the education for Indian Americans were mainly developed around the military style with more emphasis on the following of rules and regulations besides teaching the children to be more disciplined and organized. (Marr, 2008) Role of education the basic purpose behind such schools were to blend the education with the vocational training therefore the emphasis was on the development of both the education as well as skill level of the students. The role the education in such environment therefore would be many fold. Education was tailored in such a way that it allowed students to learn many new and important skills. The blending of the education with the practical training provided students the necessary skills to learn manual jobs. The curriculum was designed in such a way that it raised the overall consciousness levels of the Indian American students and provided them an opportunity to explore the world in much better and broader way. Education further allowed the government to control potentially violent tribes as establishing of schools and teaching their children provided an opportunity to the government to control the tribes and ensure permanent peace. It is also important to note that such efforts also criticized too because it was argued that the education of such type forced the native American children to forget about their culture and focus on Anglo way of living thus a virtual death to the native culture. Conditions Conditions narrated in different accounts suggest that the students were put under strict control and in strict military sense. They were hardly allowed to meet their parents except brief period which was also being spied on by the schools. Children have to do their own work and the work related in the school too. Girls were required to support in meal preparations, sewing, cooking and other manual jobs whereas boys were required to chop wood and perform other manual jobs to support themselves during their stay at schools. Children were often punished, sexually abused as well as put under extreme conditions such as marching in rain, cold etc. (Vanderpool, 2002) Such conditions outline that all was not well and the perceived objectives of bringing in the children of Native Americans into the mainstream society of America was marred by some extremities which virtually failed the intentions with which such programs were initiated. Long term effects These experiments were proved a great negative influence on the Native Americans as the methods applied to teach the children were in anyway humane. Such methods may also point out to the fact that the intentions with which the programs were initiated were either not honest or there was a deliberate effort to kill the Indian and save the man concept. The reported incidents of the violence and strict environment suggest that we have hurt Indian American rather than helping them to adapt the new society. It may be claimed that the Indian boarding schools may have been the solution for the government to the Indian problem but for the Indians it was a deliberate attempt to destroy their culture and gross abuse of their children in so called boarding schools which were established to civilize their children. (Bear, 2008) In order to assess the long term impacts of such efforts however we need to take into account both the sides as there were some positives as well as negative aspects of such efforts. On positive side, it helped children to get themselves educated as well as become aware of different possibilities available to them however on the negative side their culture was destroyed and they were largely abused. This probably has become a soar memory of the Indian American Boarding schools efforts by the Federal Government of US. Bibliography Bear, C. (2008). American Indian Boarding Schools Haunt Many. Retrieved September 11, 2008, from NPR: http://www. npr. org/templates/story/story. php? storyId=16516865 Marr, C. J. (2008). Assimilation Through Education: Indian Boarding Schools in the Pacific Northwest. Retrieved September 10, 2008, from University of Washington: http://content. lib. washington. edu/aipnw/marr. html Vanderpool, T. (2002, April 02). Lesson No. 1: Shed your Indian identity. Retrieved September 10, 2008, from The Christian Science Monitor: http://www. csmonitor. com/2002/0402/p14s01-lecs. html

Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians Essay

Introduction During the 2010 Federal election, both major political parties campaigned on indigenous affairs. Following the ALP’s victory, Prime Minister Gillard established an independent Expert Panel to â€Å"to investigate how to give effect to constitutional recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. † Two schools of thought have dominated the national conversation of how this should be achieved. One view is that an amendment to the preamble of the constitution will provide safe and symbolic recognition. The alternative view is that more substantive reform is required to secure equality before the law. On January 16 2012, the Panel presented the Prime Minister their report and proposed five amendments to the Commonwealth Constitution. This paper will evaluate the five proposals and the reasons offered by the Panel. Each amendment will be analysed on its symbolic significance and potential legal ramifications. Finally this paper will conclude on how to best give Indigenous Australians recognition within the constitution. Constitutional Recognition For the panel, constitutional recognition of Indigenous Australians means removing provisions in the Constitution that contemplate racial discrimination. Whether intended or not, the five proposals address the broader issues of racial discrimination and equality before the law within the Commonwealth Constitution. Repealing section 25 In its report, the Panel indicates that 97. 5% of all submissions approve of repealing section 25. Section 25 reads: For the purposes of the last section, if by the law of any State all persons of any race are disqualified from voting at elections for the more numerous House of the Parliament of the State, then, in reckoning the number of the people of the State or of the Commonwealth, persons of that race resident in that State shall not be counted. On face value, section 25 appears racist as it contemplates States excluding voters on the grounds of race. This interpretation has been affirmed by Chief Justice Gibbs in McKinlays’s case (1975). Section 25 must be read with section 24 to ascertain the real intention of the framers. Section 24 specifies that the number of lower house representatives is determined by dividing the total number of people of the Commonwealth by twice the number of senators and then dividing the population of each state by that quota. Therefore, by racially excluding voters the numerical input of the State’s population is reduced; the State’s federal representation decreases and discriminatory states forgo greater federal representation. Although section 25 was intended to penalise racially discriminatory states, a State was able to enact discriminatory legislation by drafting laws that did not disenfranchise ‘all’ members of a racial group. For instance, New South Wales denied certain classes of indigenous people the right to vote. The panel states that this proposal is ‘technically and legally sound’. Many constitutional commentators agree but there is a small minority who have identified possible legal consequences. In 1980, Justice Dean included section 25 as a provision guaranteeing the right to vote. The right to vote is not constitutionally entrenched. Parliament has authority to determine the electoral process pursuant to section 30. It is unclear whether the High Court would find legislation that disqualified people of certain races from voting invalid because of the section 7 words ‘directly chosen by the people’ and section 24. Theoretically, it may be argued that section 25 should not be removed until the right to vote is constitutionally entrenched. However, this view is highly unorthodox and section 25 should be repealed. Repealing section 51 (XXIV) Section 51(xxvi) authorises the Commonwealth to make laws with respect to â€Å"the people of any race for whom it is deemed necessary to make special laws†. The Panel recommends removing section 51(xxvi) as it contemplates discrimination against Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. In Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen, the Aboriginal Land Fund Commission was denied purchasing Pastoral property from the Crown. The Queensland Minister for Lands reasoned that ‘the government did not view favourable proposals to acquire large areas of land for development by Aborigines in isolation’. Koowarta argued that the Minister was in breach of sections 9 and 12 of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth). Joh Bjelke-Petersen challenged the constitutional validity of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth). The Premier argued that s51(xxvi) ‘does not confer power to make laws which apply to all races’. A majority of the High Court found that sections 9 and 12 of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 were invalid pursuant to s 51 (xxvi). The Hindmarsh Island Bridge case illustrates parliament’s ability to enact adversely discriminatory laws in relation to race. The case concerned whether the Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth) could remove rights which the plaintiffs enjoyed under the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1986 (Cth). The Ngarrindjeri women argued that the races power only allowed parliament to pass laws that are for the benefit of a particular race. The Commonwealth argued that there were no limits to the power. The High Court found that as the Heritage Protection Act was validly enacted under s 51(xxvi), the same head of power could support a whole or partial repeal. The High Court was divided on whether S 51(xxvi) could only be used for the advancement or benefit of a racial group. In his judgement, Justice Kirby found that section 51 (xxvi) ‘does not extend to the enactment of laws detrimental to or discriminatory against, the people of any race (including the Aboriginal race) by reference to their race’. Justices Gummow and Hayne said that there was no basis for reading s51(xxvi) as not permitting adverse discrimination. In summary, Kartinyeri v The Commonwealth did not confirm that laws enacted under section 51 (xxvi) must be beneficial. Since then, it has generally been accepted that s 51 (xxvi) gives the Commonwealth power to discriminate either in favour or against members of a particular race. The removal of S51 (xxvi) would be a significant symbolic gesture to Indigenous Australians as they are the only group to whom section 51(xxvi) laws have been enacted. Not all laws passed under s 51 (xxvi) have been adversely discriminatory. In Commonwealth v Tasmania (The Tasmanian Dam Case), sections 8 and 11 of The World Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 (Cth) were held to be constitutionally valid pursuant to s 51 (xxvi). As a result, the Franklin River Hydroelectric Dam could not be constructed in a place considered spiritually significant by Aboriginal people. A repeal of section 51 (xxvi) might not invalidate the World Heritage Properties Conservation Act. Other powers, specifically the external affairs power in s51 (xxix), would support this legislation under the principle of dual characterisation. Other beneficial legislation may not be supported under the same principle. In Western Australia v The Commonwealth, the court found The Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) constitutionally valid pursuant to section 51 (xxvi). The court did not find it necessary to consider any other heads of power. Australia’s endorsement of the UN Deceleration on the Rights of Indigenous People may provide scope to support the Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) under the external affairs power. However, it seems reckless to gamble with legislation that establishes a framework for the protection and recognition of native title. Repealing section 51 (xxvi) will also limit the Commonwealth’s ability to pass new laws for the advancement of Indigenous Australians. For these reasons, the Panel proposes that the repeal of section 51 (xxvi) must be accompanied by a new head of power with respect to Indigenous Australians. Inserting section 51A The preamble to S51A is the first recommendation which actually addresses the important contributions of Indigenous Australians. Section 51A also allows the Commonwealth to makes laws with respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. Similar to section 51(xxvi), the power contained within section 51A is not subject to any conditions. This is somewhat of a double edged sword. All laws currently passed under section 51 (xxvi) have only been enacted with respect to Indigenous Australians. As the power is not subject to any restriction, all legislation pursuant to section 51 (xxvi) would most likely be supported by section 51A. Alternatively, section 51A could be used to enact legislation that is adversely discriminatory. The Panel states that the preamble which acknowledges ‘the need to secure the advancement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ will mitigate this risk. However, a preamble is only used to resolve an ambiguity within a text. The power to make laws with respect to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples is not particularly ambiguous. The Panel’s predicts laws passed pursuant to s 51A would be assessed on whether they broadly benefit the group concerned. The actual word used is ‘advancement’ which would be interpreted differently to ‘benefit’. Furthermore, the High Court is not always ready to embrace a value judgement such as one based ‘benefit’. Credit should be given to the Panel for this proposal. The preamble to Section 51A constitutionally recognises the history, culture and contributions of Indigenous Australians. The new head of power will likely ensure that current legislation pursuant to section 51 (xxvi) will continue to operate. Section 51A also removes parliament’s power to enact laws with regards to a person’s race. This proposal addresses the apartheid nature of our constitution. However, Section 51A is not the white knight which was hoped for. It will be the courts who decide whether this new power is ambiguous. If Section 51A is found to be ambiguous, the courts will have significant discretion in interpreting the meaning of â€Å"advancement†. To overcome these issues, the panel has recommended that a racial non-discrimination provision (S116A) be added to the constitution. Inserting section 116A There are both policy and legal issues concerning section 116A. Firstly, Australia has a history of avoiding constitutional entrenchments of rights. The proposed anti-discrimination provision only protects racial groups. Section 116A may be viewed as privileging anti-racial discrimination over anti-sex discrimination or anti-homophobic discrimination. The first legal consideration is which groups will be protected by section 116A. Jewish people are recognized as an ethnic group but Muslims are not. It is uncertain whether Muslims would receive the same protection as Jews. Furthermore, would a person who converted to Judaism receive identical protection as a person who was born Jewish? The second legal issue is how Section 116A will affect existing state and commonwealth anti-discrimination legislation. For example, Anti-discrimination state law authorise discrimination in the employment of actors for reasons of ‘authenticity’. In addition, sections 12 and 15 of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) permits people to discriminate when they are searching for someone to share or work with in their home. Once again, it will be for the court to decide if these provisions are constitutionally invalid. The panel has affirmed that S116A (2) will support laws enacted under s 51 (xxvi) and section 51A. Like section 51A, section 116A could be interpreted by the courts in ways that were not intended. The courts will have significant discretion in determining what â€Å"is for the purpose of overcoming disadvantage†. An important issue for the Indigenous community is the Northern Territory Intervention. In Wurridjal v Commonwealth, the high court upheld the government’s partial repeal of the Racial Discrimination Act under the race powers. The court also upheld the Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act pursuant to section 51 (xxix). Due to the principle of dual characterisation, it is unlikely that S116A will provide an avenue for Indigenous people to contest the intervention. S116A is probably the most controversial recommendation as it concerns equality before the law. This issue is probably better dealt with by an expert panel assessing a Bill of Rights. To achieve a similar result, the panel could propose that section 51A has an accompanying provision similar to 116A(2). Insert section 127A. Section 127A is a provision which recognises Indigenous languages as the original language of Australia. A separate language provision is necessary to capture the importance of traditional languages within Indigenous culture. Section 127A also acknowledges that English is the national language of Australia. The Panel rejected a submission suggesting ‘all Australian citizens shall have the freedom to speak, maintain and transmit the language of their choice’. The Panel did not want to give rise to legal challenges regarding the right to deal with government in languages other than English. It is unclear what practical consequence would flow from s127A. Section 127A could be used to secure funding for Indigenous languages on the grounds of ‘national heritage’. Nonetheless, the Panel does not intend for this provision to give rise to new legal rights. S127A is symbolically important and is an appropriate way of constitutionally recognising Indigenous Australians. Summary of analysis This analysis concludes that the five proposals put forward by the panel appropriately balance substantive reform and symbolic significance. As a result, the Panel should be congratulated. If the Panel’s goal was to remove overtly racist tones within the Australian Constitution then they have succeeded. If the panels objective was to definitively correct the wrongs of Kartinyeri v Commonwealth and the Northern Territory Intervention then they have failed. The amendments proposed do not sufficiently address racial discriminatory acts passed under other heads of power. Section 116A(2) has been perceived as a tasteful reformulation of the races power. Furthermore, the proposals provides the courts substantial discretion in interpreting terms such as â€Å"overcoming disadvantage†, â€Å"advancement† and â€Å"group†. In essence, the most important issue does not concern symbolic change or substantive reform. It is simply a question of which proposals will gain bipartisan support. Conclusion The panel’s proposals could succeed at referendum. Firstly, Australians are more likely to support something substantive than purely symbolic. Secondly, this is not an issue which would be perceived as a ‘politicians’ proposal. Australians are hesitant to support proposals perceived as self-serving. Thirdly, the Panel indicates that its proposals are capable of being supported by an overwhelming majority of Australians. Nonetheless, to succeed at referendum, the support from the Federal opposition government and all State governments is essential. It is very easy, and sometimes attractive, for the federal Opposition to oppose a referendum. It can be a useful way of generating a negative public reaction to the government and its agenda. Since 2010, the Coalition has fought the government on nearly every political issue. Even when the parties agree in principle, they have different ways of solving the issue. For example, both parties are for off-shore processing of illegal immigrants but disagree on where and how it should be done. Both parties are committed to recognising Indigenous Australians within the constitution. So far, the LNP has said it will consider substantive reform but has only committed to preambular recognition. The Panel not only recommends substantive reform but also addresses racial equality before the law. It is very uncertain whether the LNP will support a policy so different to their 2010 election promise. The next federal election is only 18 months away. If the referendum and election are held concurrently, there is more incentive for the Coalition to oppose the Panel’s recommendation. It would be disastrous for the nation if the referendum fails. The ‘gap’ will swell and the international community will view Australia as a nation of racists. It could be argued that the Government should have appointed a bipartisan panel rather than an independent panel. A bipartisan panel may not have produced ‘better’ recommendations to those of the Panel. They would, however, have generated proposals that both parties would stand behind. Bibliography * ABC Television, ‘Asylum seeker stand-off intensifies’, The Midday Report, 20 December 2011. < http://www.abc. net. au/news/2011-12-20/bowen-seeks-bipartisan-meeting-on-offshore-processing/3739984> at 29 April 2012. * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner, ‘Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Australian Human Rights Commission’, . * Kerr, Christian, ‘Libs baulk on referendum support’, The Australian, 30 January 2012 < http://www. theaustralian. com. au/national-affairs/indigenous/libs-baulk-on-referendum-support/story-fn9hm1pm-1226256684571>. * Keyzer, Patrick, Principles of Australian Constitutional Law (LexisNexis Butterworths, Australia: 3rd ed, 2010). * Kildea, Paul, ‘More than mere symbolism’, Australian Financial Review, 10 February 2012. * Kirby, Michael, Constitutional Law and Indigenous Australians: Challenge for a Parched Continent, Law Council of Australia, Old Parliament House, Canberra, Friday 22 July 2011 Discussion Forum ‘Constitutional Change: Recognition or Substantive Rights? ’. * Law Council of Australia, Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians Discussion Paper, 19 March 2011. * LexisNexis AU, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’90 Constitutional Law’ [90. 1620]. * McHugh, Michael, Australian Constitutional Landmarks (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003). * McQuire, Amy, ‘Constitutional reform report sparks mixed reviews’, Tracker, 19 January 2012. * Morris, Shireen, ‘Agreement-making: the need for democratic principles, individual rights and equal opportunities in Indigenous Australia’ (2011) 36 Alternative Law Journal 3. * Morris, Shireen, ‘Indigenous constitutional recognition, non-discrimination and equality before the law: why reform is necessary’ (2011) 7 Indigenous Law Bulletin 26. * Morse, Bradford, â€Å"Indigenous Provisions in Constitutions Around the World† 2011 Paper located at . * Pengelley, Nicholas, ‘Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act – Must Laws Based on the Race Power be for the Benefit of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders- and What has Bridge Building got to do with the Race Power Anyway’ (1998) 20 Sydney Law Review 144. * Prior, Flip, ‘Recognition poll unlikely, days Dodson’, The West Australian, 11 April 2012. * Rintoul, Stuart, ‘Race power opens Pandora’s box’, The Australian, 22 December 2011 * Rowse, Tim, ‘The practice and symbolism of the ‘race power’: rethinking the 1967 referendum’ (2008) 19 Australian Journal of Anthropology 1. * Sawer, G, ‘The Australian Constitution and the Australian Aborigine’ (1966) 2 FL Rev 17. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional Status’ [1. 1. 280]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional Status’ [1. 1. 300]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional Status’ [1. 1. 430]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional Status’ [1. 1. 450]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional Status’ [1. 1. 460]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 1 Constitutional Status’ [1. 1. 480]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 6 Civil Justice Issues’ [1. 6. 190]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 6 Civil Justice Issues’ [1. 6. 240]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’1. 7 International Law’ [1. 7. 180]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’19. 1 Constitutional Law’ [19. 1. 230]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’19. 5 Federal constitutional system’ [19. 5. 157. 1]. * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’21. 10 Equality and the Rule of Law’ [21. 10. 160] * Thomson Reuters, The Laws of Australia, (at April 2012), ’21. 10 Equality and the Rule of Law’ [21. 10. 350]. * Twomey, Ann, Indigenous Constitutional Recognition Explained (University of Sydney Law School Constitutional Reform Unit, 26 January 2012). * Ward, Alexander, ‘At the Risk of Rights: Does true recognition require substantive reform? ’ (2011) 7 Indigenous Law Review 25. * Watson, Nicole, ‘The Northern Territory Emergency Response – Has It Really Improved the Lives of Aboriginal Women and Children? ’ (2011) 35 Australian Feminist Law Journal 147. * Williams, George, ‘Recognising Indigenous peoples in the Australian Constitution: what the Constitution should say and how the referendum can be won’ (2011) 5 Land, Rights, Laws: Issues of Native Title 1. * Winckel, Anne, ‘Recognising Indigenous Peoples in the Preamble: Implications, Issues and Interpretation’ (2011) 7 Indigenous Law Bulletin 22. Case List * Attorney-General (Cth); Ex Rel Mckinlay v Commonwealth (1975) 135 CLR 1 * Commonwealth v Tasmania (Tasmanian Dams Case) (1983) 158 CLR 1 * Jones v Toben [2002] FCA 1150 [69]. * Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (1988) 195 CLR 337 * Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) 153 CLR 168 * Kruger v Commonwealth (1997) 190 CLR 1 * Leak v Commonwealth (1997) 187 CLR 579. * Miller v Wertheim [2002] FCAFC 156 [14]; * Western Australia v Commonwealth (Native Title Act Case) (1995) 183 CLR 373 * Wurridjal v The Cth (2009) 237 CLR 309 Legislation List. * Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1986 (Cth) * Australian Constitution Act 1975 (Cth) * Constitution Act 1867 (Qld) * Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 (Cth) * Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth) * Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) * Native Title (Queensland) Act 1993 (Qld) * Northern Territory National Emergency Response Act 2007 (Cth) * Racial Discrimination Act 1975 (Cth) * Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (Nsw) ——————————————– [ 1 ]. Law Council of Australia, Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australians: Discussion Paper March 2011 part 1. 1 at 23 April 2012. [ 2 ]. Australia, Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution page 1 at 23 April 2012. [ 3 ]. Alexander Ward, ‘At the Risk of Rights: Does True Recognition Require Substantive Reform’ (2011) 7 Indigenous Law Bulletin 3, 3. [ 4 ]. Ibid. [ 5 ]. Ibid. [ 6 ]. Australia, Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution page 1 at 23 April 2012. [ 7 ]. Ibid [4]. [ 8 ]. Ibid [5. 3]. [ 9 ]. Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (Cth) s 25. [ 10 ]. B Costa, ‘Odious and Outmoded’? Race and Section 25 of the Constitution (2011) The Swinburne Institute for Social Research page 1 at 25 April 2012. [ 11 ]. Attorney-General (Cth); Ex Rel Mckinlay v Commonwealth (1975) 135 CLR 1, [36], [44]. [ 12 ]. B Costa, ‘Odious and Outmoded’? Race and Section 25 of the Constitution (2011) The Swinburne Institute for Social Research page 1 at 25 April 2012. [ 13 ]. Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (Cth) s 24. [ 14 ]. Ibid. [ 15 ]. Convention Debates, Melbourne, 1898, pages 665-714. [ 16 ]. B Costa, ‘Odious and Outmoded’? Race and Section 25 of the Constitution (2011) The Swinburne Institute for Social Research page 4 at 25 April 2012. [ 17 ]. Australia, Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution page 5. 3 at 23 April 2012. [ 18 ]. B Costa, ‘Odious and Outmoded’? Race and Section 25 of the Constitution (2011) The Swinburne Institute for Social Research page 6 at 25 April 2012. [ 19 ]. Ibid [5]. [ 20 ]. Ibid [6]. [ 21 ]. Ibid [5]. [ 22 ]. Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (Cth) s 51 (xxvi). [ 23 ]. Australia, Expert Panel on Constitutional Recognition of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, Recognising Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples in the Constitution page 5. 4 at 23 April 2012. [ 24 ]. Koowarta v Bjelke-Petersen (1982) 153 CLR 168. [ 25 ]. Ibid [169-170]. [ 26 ]. Ibid. [ 27 ]. Ibid. [ 28 ]. Ibid [174]. [ 29 ]. Kartinyeri v Commonwealth (the Hindmarsh Island Bridge case) (1998) 195 CLR 337. [ 30 ]. Hindmarsh Island Bridge Act 1997 (Cth). [ 31 ]. Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Heritage Protection Act 1986 (Cth). [ 32 ]. Ibid. [ 33 ]. Ibid [416-7]. [ 34 ]. Ibid [379-381]. [ 35 ]. Thomson Reuters Legal Online, Halsbury’s Laws of Australia (at 15 January 1998) 19 Government, ’19. 5 Federal Constitutional System’ [19. 5 – 157. 1] [ 36 ]. Heritage Properties Conservation Act 1983 (Cth). [ 37 ]. (1983) 158 CLR 1. [ 38 ]. Ibid. [ 39 ]. Ibid [5 – 8]. [ 40 ]. Native Title Act 1993 (Cth) [ 41 ]. Western Australia v The Commonwealth (1995) 183 CLR 373. [ 42 ]. Ibid.

Day Lighting Study Case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Day Lighting - Case Study Example In the figure, it is clearly visible that the sunlight reflecting directly on the floor at the base of the glass doors is brighter as compared to that pouring through the windows because of the filter. Moreover, the location of windows has been chosen very carefully so as to ensure that people sitting on the chairs get the light rather than the ones passing through the corridor. So the design selected to use the light is successful as it fulfills the purpose of its in-pour. Fig. 3 shows another room of the same building in which there is no in-pour of sunlight and the source of light is basically the reflection of sunrays from the floor of the terrace into the room. Here, the room has been purposefully designed in such a way that there is no direct in-pour of light and yet there is sufficient illumination in the room. In Fig. 4, the filtering windows have been placed atop the room to reduce the intensity of light without reducing the illumination. This is a successful use of light as the design ensures that the occupants of the building receive just the amount of light that is sufficient for them. Without the filter-glass on the top, space would be capturing direct sunlight that would be even more intensified after diffusing from the white floor. In Fig. 5, the room has been oriented in such a way that the window captures the brightness of the sunlight outside without increasing the glare inside the room. A very important purpose that this design serves is that it creates no significant shadows of the furniture placed in the room which enhances the visual appeal of the room. Since it is a room with a limited space, a heavy in-pour of sunlight would have been irritating for the inhabitants. In Fig. 6, the benefit of daylighting is shown as it provides the occupants of the building with a direct link to the evolving outdoor illumination patterns, thus creating productive and visually stimulating environment along with reducing the energy costs of the entire build ing. However, the architectural design shown in Fig. 6 is not successful as it provides no point of entry to the sunlight into the room, which is why the room is dark. Ideally, the design should have been such that allowed the sunlight to enter till the threshold of the room to provide it with enough natural light.

Marketing Effectives Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marketing Effectives - Essay Example The first measure of marketing effectiveness that organization can rely on when making assessment is the conversion rate. It is a measure of the proportion of guests to ones marketing site who prove to respond to the action used by the marketing strategy. For instance, a firm’s marketing policy may entail people visiting the firm’s site where they are to access some information through signing up. In this case, the guests to the site may access the site but fail to sign up, or they may sign up. This measuring metric considers a marketing move successful when the visitors to the site click through the link and sign up to view the entire marketing material (McDonald, 2011). The second measure of marketing effectiveness is the number of lead generations or inbound links. Having a marketing site is a key necessity if the process is to be conducted through the internet and it is determined to be successful (McDonald, 2011). As people carry out their actives online, they likely to link to sites where they find important materials. Therefore, the number of external links to the firm’s site can be used to determine how important an organization’s products are to the people. The other measure is the search engine traffic that is created due to an organization’s marketing site. The search engines enable us to determine how much traffic is being created by a particular site being searched by many internet users. The search engines include Google and Bing. The bigger the web traffic being associated with our site the most likely our marketing strategy is going to be successful (McDonald, 2011). Finally, the other important measure that can be used to analyze the effectiveness of a marketing strategy used by an organization or business enterprise is the change on the sales. The closed loop marketing analysis is used in this case. It is an analysis

Discussion Board Post Response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Discussion Board Post Response - Essay Example Provision of safe care is one of the main aims of quality care. In my course project, a balanced scorecard is focused on reducing clinic wait times. In this regard, a balanced scorecard is used as a basis for quality improvement in all aspects of healthcare. There are many performance tools that can be used to monitor and manage quality improvements. I agree that performance prism is one of the performance measures. The needs of stakeholders are largely focused on quality. Utilizing performance tools links performance measures (Kaplan and Norton, 1992) and a result help identify problems areas that need improvement. I also agree with your discussion that performance prism combines processes, strategies, and capabilities and aligns them appropriately to meet the needs of all stakeholders. As postulated by the Balanced Scorecard (2012), quality improvement tools allows healthcare leaders or managers to view or look at their business in a range of perspectives. In your discussion, stakeholders perspective is clearly illustrated. In regard to stakeholders perspective, I concur that achieving a higher percentage of defect-free charts twenty four hours before surgery is of

Entrepreneurship in the global evironment Essay

Entrepreneurship in the global evironment - Essay Example His entrepreneurial prowess is evident from his engineering work and being an inventor of dual cyclone bagless vacuum cleaner, roles that have made him allegedly over 1 billion pound rich. Dyson’s idea of vacuum cleaners started back in 1970 when he innovated his first product named the sea truck and later he invented the ball barrow, which resembled a modified wheelbarrow. Dyson faced some challenges in marketing his product in the United Kingdom since no distributor was willing to distribute his product because of fear that his vacuum cleaners would overtake the replacement cleaner bags. He then opted to launch his product in Japan where he made profitable returns and even won the international design fair prize in Japan, in 1991. As a result of manufacturers failing to sell his product, Dyson decided to take that as a challenge and set up his own company in 1993 in a small town named Malmebury. Luckily, in 2005, Dyson’s vacuum cleaners were leading in sales in the Un ited States and employment had increased in Malmebury by 1,200. Indeed, Dyson was awarded with the Queen’s award for enterprise for the outstanding growth and success abroad (Loch, 2008, pp 119,120). According to BBC News (2006), after dyson received a Knighthood, he told BBC that he is an entrepreneur who produces things that people want to buy. He adds that he has failed 5,126 times and has learnt that success alone teaches one nothing, but failures teach someone everything, since when one makes a mistake, he/she learns from that mistake to better on the product. According to BBC News (2006), by then, the company had 1400 staff in the United Kingdom and 4,000 workers placed in Malaysia plants. Therefore, Dyson is the best choice of an entrepreneur, since he has come a long way by putting his innovation into practice, beaten all odds of marketing, and failed numerous times before achieving the best and being contented with his products. Why James Dyson is classified as an en trepreneur According to Bolton (2004, p. 134), â€Å"Dyson is another entrepreneur who has challenged the industry giants with a revolutionary of vacuum cleaner, since his dual cyclone cleaner has a UK market share in excess of 50% and his international sales are prospering.† The main admirable aspect of Dyson as an entrepreneur is that he is always innovative and creative, thus focuses on what the customers want, and he always desires to improve his products. Dyson has also proved to be a risk taker, since he invested his resources on his dream of appropriate vacuum cleaners. Finally, he succeeded and his returns tell it all. Dyson’s idea of a vacuum cleaner started back in 1979 when he was only 31 years of age. At that time, he needed a machine that would separate particles from air. He faced many challenges, one of them being that manufacturers rejected his idea, since they did not want his machine to interfere with the replacement dust bags market. In 2000, Dyson m anaged to launch the dual cyclone cleaner that used battery to operate. He later launched a washing machine with the ability to spin and almost dry clothes. These were some of his achievements after being rejected by other manufacturers (Bolton, 2004 pp 135, 136). Dyson portrays the spirit of a true entrepreneur, since entrepreneurship is about opportunities and risks in business. Successful entrepreneurs usually spot an opportunity especially where others

What the Community Says Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

What the Community Says - Assignment Example In the research paper, there is no clearly stated aim, but there is an explanation of public relevance of the strategy. The title of the research paper shows that health promotion is a strategy through which quality of health can be improved. It has a section that describes how health promotion is achieved. This is through an international network. A database was formed to assess health promotion activities. This shows the method used to get data, but it has no clearly defined aim, data collection and data analysis method. The research paper has the following as findings: that the health promotion projects are strongly oriented to the staff and patients, but do not address underlying cultural and structural problems (Groene & Jorgensen, 2005). This research paper has no clearly stated aim, methodology, design, and data collection and analysis method. It has however described the importance of the research findings to the community and the health care industry, and has described its findings. It is through the findings that the aim of the research can be obtained. The methodology, data collection and data analysis methods used can only be obtained by reading through specific topics within it. It should have described all these appropriately. The research topic shows that it is dealing with hospitals and not individuals requiring some ethical approval. It has however, not stated this (Groene & Jorgensen,

Skinput Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Skinput - Essay Example In general terms, Skinput is an attempt to appropriate human body as an input interface. Skinput is a novel bio-acoustic sensing system developed by Chris Harrison from Carnegie Mellon University and Desney Tan and Dan Morris, employees at Microsoft Research. From the practical viewpoint, Skinput represents a bio-acoustic sensing array coupled with a small-size pico-projector, which turns user's skin into a touch-screen. The system of acoustic sensors identifies signals produced with our fingers onto skin surface, utilising the skin as an input surface. Chris Harrison's invention of Skinput rests on the idea that human skin constitutes an ideal input device: humans have roughly 22 square feet of skin area, which is accessible by hands and proprioception (understanding of how individual's body is configured in three-dimensional space) enables users to accurately interact with their bodies in an eyes-free manner (Harrison et al, 2010). Unlike previous examples of always-available input systems, Skinput idea is largely based on the principles of bio-sensing and acoustic transmission. Bio-sensing technology has been widely utilised in diagnostic medicine with electroencephalography (EEG) and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) being notable examples (Harrison et al, 2010). Simultaneously, the principles of acoustic transmission have been applied to support the idea of the skin being used as a finger input surface. From the practical standpoint, when a finger taps the skin, the impact creates a magnitude of useful acoustic signals. In order to capture these signals, Chris Harrison's team developed a special bio-acoustic sensing array. During the series of experiments, Chris Harrison and his colleagues opted in for a sensing array built into an armband. This bio-acoustic sensing array aimed to detect vibrations transmitted through the body is comprised of two sensor packages each containing five cantilevered piezo films responsive to a particular frequency range. Because variations in bone density, muscle size and filtering effect produced by soft tissues and joints make different locations being acoustically distinct, Skinput software analyzes impacts and classifies them (Harrison et al, 2010). In addition, Skinput's armband works with a special purpose pico-projector, which allows various interactive elements to be displayed on the skin (see Figure 1 for complete illustration of Skinput device). Figure 1. Skinput technology. HOW SKINPUT WILL BE USED During the series of their study, Chris Harrison et al. illustrated the range of Skinput's applications, most of which were concerned with tap-based interfaces. In the first example, the researchers projected a series of buttons onto the forearm, on which a user can finger tap to navigate a hierarchical menu (Harrison et al, 2010). The second example reveals how individual uses a scrolling menu tapping top or bottom of his forearm. The third example illustrates a projection of numeric keypad, which can be tapped to dial a phone number. From the practical perspective, thanks to embedded program algorithms, Skinput's interface can accurately identify user's gestures in motion, for instance, during walk.

Critically review the evidence that the corporate governance Essay

Critically review the evidence that the corporate governance structures and reporting requirements required in the UK by the Cadbury Committee and its successor - Essay Example In response to this public pressure, in 1991 the then Conservative government under Prime Minister John Major established the Cadbury Committee and its successors. The remit of these bodies was to establish guidelines under which companies and public bodies should operate. These guidelines were not to be enshrined in law (especially for companies), but rather to be promulgated as "best practice" under which industries would regulate themselves. Perhaps the most telling case was that of the Mirror Group Newspapers pension fund. Over a period of time the company's pension fund had been plundered of some 400,000,000. The money was used for a variety of purposes, including the enhancement of the MGN's share value, and the personal use of the Chairman, Robert Maxwell. Of great concern also were the performances of directors of newly privatized utilities. In many cases those same individuals who had been at the helm of state owned bodies now came to have their salaries massively increased, (in some cases three or four-fold) simply because, in the eyes of the public, their enterprise was now privately rather than publicly owned. As a result of these and other in... The committee and its successors produced guidance and codes of practice, aimed at reducing or eliminating such malpractice. The Cadbury Code is the unofficial name for the first Code of Best Practice on corporate governance, published in 1992. The other codes were produced by the Greenbury and Hampel Committees, and together they form what is known as the Combined Code on Good Governance. The codes lay down rules which the London Stock Exchange requires companies to follow, relating to the conduct of directors, directors' remuneration, relations with shareholders, and accountability and audit. They also recommend that boards of U.K. corporations include at least three outside directors and that the positions of chairman and CEO be held by different individuals. The underlying presumption was that these recommendations would lead to improved board oversight. Essentially, they are designed to make sure that companies are run in an honest and competent way, and to ensure that shareholders are given reliable and adequate information. In the years since the publication of their reports and recommendations there have been a number of studies published to establish the efficacy of the work of these committees. Most notably in the Journal of management and Governance in 2000, Charlie Weir and David Lang published "The performance-governance relationship: the effects of Cadbury compliance on UK quoted companies" and also in 2000 Jay Dalaya, John J McConnell and Nickolaos G Travlos published "The Cadbury Committee, corporate performance and top management turnover" While there is no longer the degree of public outrage at the performance at the activities of UK

A Metacognitive Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

A Metacognitive Exercise - Essay Example Reflecting on the modules and the readings, is that language and literacy learning is both overwhelming and, surprisingly, well-researched. Overwhelming because the depth of research is staggering, from the selection of reading texts to a child’s stages of cognitive development, to the variables affecting interpretation and meaning. This initial sense of being overwhelmed, however, later gives way to a sense of security as the readings come together to form a more comprehensive whole. To be sure, there are theoretical disagreements. There are areas in need of additional research. That said, there really is a sufficient groundwork, in both theoretical and practical terms, with which to plan meaningful literacy lessons and programmes. The text emphasised the significant effects of word choice in the narrative text. The choice of words such as "reared" and "crushed" and the use of punctuation such as "Thud!" truly affected the mood and the feeling conveyed by the text. As a menta l exercise, I arbitrarily changed some of the words in order to see how the meaning might be altered; the results were quite significant. In sum, from the point of view of a student or a writer, I find the concepts of metalanguage and social purposes of text very helpful both in terms of understanding a text and in terms of creating a text. Though seemingly intuitive, these concepts add very much to the understanding of language, linguistic features, and meaning. To this regard I have the initiative to improve myself by answering the following activities: Activity: Describe the genre used by the seven-year-old child in the following text. List the features in terms of use of verbs, general and specific participants and descriptive words and statements. What understandings of the convention of written language does she demonstrate "I was going Dawn cabell terast on my Big Bieck. It was a Stiep Hill and my brakes pat up when I was haf the wai dan the hill and I broacd my coliaBone and I had to to go to the hosPtall to get a slliea on it. Its getting beta, ten I can ride I't a gain" Answer Using what I have learned from Green and Campbell, I recognized the genre of the text as a narrative. It tells the story of a seven year old boy in a sequential manner- precisely how Green and Campbell defined narratives. It also uses past tense form of verbs and makes use of the linking verb "and" to denote what happened next. It can also be recognized that the text is full of grammatical errors such as spelling and punctuation. However, it can be seen that the child is able to use the basic Subject - Object construction with the verb in between. The text displays the " how you pronounce it is how you spell and write it" system. Entry 2: Being particularly interested in writing, I found the work by

Digital Learning Environment Essay Example for Free

Digital Learning Environment Essay In the statement â€Å"Recently, there were two recent cover stories in Time Magazine: Their conclusion was that children today are different. In fact, based on what we now know from the neurosciences and psychological sciences, what we’re now beginning to understand is that children today are FUNDAMENTALLY different than we are in the way they think, in the way they access, absorb, interpret, process and use information, and in the way they view, interact, and communicate in the modern world because of their experiences with digital technologies. If this is the case, it holds profound implications for all of us personally and professionally.† I truly believe it’s true. I feel that we are surrounded by digital devices that were not there when I was young. There is new technology that comes out every day and eventually I believe that will be on only way of life in everything we do. I do feel that today’s learners have a different way of learning than we did in the past. I feel there are so many different factors that have changed how today children learns, thinking, etc. I believe the main factor is all the new technology that comes out daily. I feel that technology has been taken for granted for many different ways especially in the learning environment. For example, when I was in high school I had to go to the library to check out books to complete a research paper but in today’s world students just type what they are looking for on the computer and the web provides the answer. I feel it has taken away the experience of how to research something. People can learn so much more when they actually have to do the leg work on researching than just sitting on the couch and typing up the question and the computer does the work. I believe that it can show some laziness on the student’s part because it is others that have done the work and not them. The whole digital world has taken away a person’s creativity, personality (their own work), etc. I feel that having hands on and thinking skills expands their thought process and creative process where they utilizing their own thoughts and not anyone else’s. I feel at times that I would utilize the physical act of learning something instead of them researching on computers websites, etc. I also would have them use their own thoughts and try to learn to have an open mind to take in suggestions from other people. I will ensure that I give them the opportunity to learn from their own experiences with the help and guidance from myself and other adults. I feel this will get to use their own knowledge in cases where they don’t have the digital resources due to batteries going dead or don’t have the access.

Core Conditions Essay Example for Free

Core Conditions Essay During the 1950’s Carl Rogers developed three core conditions. These conditions continued to be developed by Rogers in the intervening years until his death in 1987. The aim of this essay will demonstrate an understanding of each condition and briefly discuss how they are applied in practice. The role of empathy will be reflected on and critically appraised. Carl Rogers developed three core conditions, Emapthy, Congruence (realness) and Unconditional Positive Regard. These conditions are at the core of person centred counselling.The effectiveness of these conditions are based upon the counsellors skill, knowledge and application in practice, it is not something that can be turned â€Å"on and off†, but a way of being . To avoid unconditional positive regard, the counsellor has to act in a certain way when working with clients, demonstrating certain feeling for all humanity and have an awareness to always work within the conditions even during circumstances where there maybe interpersonal difficulties . Empathy is a process, not just something a counsellor will do. It involves sensing and perceiving how the client is feeling. It involves appropriate use of touch such as a hand on the clients shoulder, tone and pitch of the voice and in some instances it can be demonstrated through crying at times when the client does but equally having an awareness of boundaries within the session, meaning, the client not feeling that they are â€Å"coununselling† you. To demonstrate empathy the counsellor must also be aware of their own journey. In relation to recording this skill maybe at times to demonstrate.   Congruence, the next core condition was reffered to by Roger’s as the most important element as he beleived â€Å"it is the realness of the therapist in the relationship which is the most important element† (Mearns. D Thorn. B, 2007, pg . 95). To be congruent, is to be natural and oneself. What works for M. a. (2000). Person-centred therapy today. London: Sage Publications. one therapist may not necessarily work for another. It is about being the same with all people, and not pretending to be something that they are not. The final core condition is unconditional positive regard. This maybe perceieved as the most difficult condition to grasp. It is not concerned with liking the client or agreeing with how they feel, but more about the attitude of the counsellor. The counsellor who has unconditioanl positive regard, is one who has respect for humanity and their client alike, regardless of what they have to say and the way they live their life. It is said in Mearns and Thorns, Person – Centred Counselling in Action, â€Å"the attitude manifests itself in the counsellors consistant acceptance of and enduring warmth towards her client†. It explains, that it maybe easier for a counsellor to get along with the hard working client, but can be challenging when working with the client who has a high level of self loathing and disgust for themselves. As a counselling skills user, reflecting on my practice I find applying the core condition of empathy can be quite challenging concept to grasp. This is due to the fact that it takes a counsellor to be extremely self aware to lay aside their own thoughts and feelings to tap into the emotions of their clients. Because empathy stems from an understanding of what the client is going through, it may be difficult in some situations for the counsellor to really be on the receiving frequency that the client is on. It may be a bit of a struggle for the counsellor to understand and really equate empathy, because it is a process, not a skill that can be learned. Works Cited Mearns.D and Thorn.B(2000). Person-centred therapy today. London: Sage Publications.

Estuary English As A Growing Phenomenon English Language Essay

Estuary English As A Growing Phenomenon English Language Essay Introduction Estuary English is a term invented by the British phonetician David Rosewarne in 1984 to describe a variety of English spoken by the banks of the Thames and its estuary. Rosewarne describes Estuary English as a variety that includes the features of Standard English phonology, Received Pronunciation, as well as South-Eastern Britains, mainly the Cockney accents, speech patterns (Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?). Since 1984, the usage of Estuary English has grown profoundly. Geographically, it is said to be heard all over the South-East of England and also penetrating into the west. Much regional variation is being lost as a large number of Traditional Dialects covering small geographical areas are gradually disappearing, making way for the Modern Dialect, which covers much larger scales of land. Socially, it has allegedly penetrated into the upper-class. The growing number of its speakers is astounding. Nowadays many famous people, including people of the media, teachers and politicians, use this variety of English, even though it was thought to be a language of the lower middle-class. A number of scholars and phoneticians are assuming and predicting an even wider use eventually leading up to Estuary English replacing Received Pronunciation. This research paper focuses on the phenomenon of Estuary English information about the origin and nature of the variety, the characteristic features, and future predictions as well as how others perceive the issue. It will also include a research of the speeches of Tony Blair, The Queen and Gordon Brown on the basis of whether Estuary English is slowly vaporising the phonological boundaries of the social classes or not. I chose this topic to have an insight to the future events that might take place. As regional dialects are slowly vanishing and the usage of Estuary English is growing, the opportunity of monitoring the new wave of English as it emerges can be fascinating. Overview The term introduced by Rosewarne has developed a lot of excitement on many levels some phoneticians argue against it, others fight for it. Nevertheless, the use of the variety has been sighted growing as it is a middle-ground for the upper and the lower-class. Rosewarne introduced Estuary English as A variety of modified regional speech. It is a mixture of non-regional and local south-eastern English pronunciation and intonation. If one imagines a continuum with Received Pronunciation and London speech at either end, Estuary English speakers are to be found grouped in the middle ground.(Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?) The term Estuary English was coined by British linguist David Rosewarne in a ground-breaking article published in The Times Educational Supplement in October 1984 (Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?). Rosewarne published another article in 1994 -Estuary English: tomorrows RP?, in which he added new facts to his previous work. In his 1994 publication he explained why he introduced the new term (or the new variety):While doing post-graduate studies in Applied Linguistics in London in 1983, I felt that existing descriptions of pronunciation varieties made no real mention of accents intermediate between R.P. and localisable British forms. (Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?) Rosewarnes publications and Paul Coggles publication of the book Do you speak Estuary? in 1993 lead the way for a number of articles examining the nature, structure, and other characteristics of the variety. When the phenomenon was popularized in the 1990s, other linguists began to take the possibility of this new variety more seriously. The phonetician Parsons even called it the new RP in 1998 (From RP to Estuary English), when at the other end many journalists and politicians remain dubious towards the term even and call it a haphazard version of the Cockney accent (Maidment: Estuary English: Hybrid or Hype? 1994), even when numerous surveys have been carried out and it has been examined with scrutiny many times. Rosewarne chose the name estuary after the region from which the new variety of English was thought to have spread the banks of the river Thames and its estuary (Estuary English, 1984). The term, however, has excited resentment among many linguists many saying it is controversial because it is not only spoken on or near the Thames estuary, but in places further from there and that there is no clear evidence that it emerged from the Thames estuary (Maidment: Estuary Engslish: Hybrid or Hype? 1994). Controversy also remains over the matter whether it is a regiolect, a dialect, an accent or a style. Other terms for the name were suggested, such as General London and London English, (Wells, John.What is Estuary English?1997.) because the Cockney accent originates from London, but also the term Post-Modern English, referring to the recent development of the variety (Maidment: Estuary English: Hybrid of Hype? 1994). But as the term has already widely spread, it would be unwise to change the name now. Thus the contention over the topic is quite meaningless. Estuary English is most commonly associated with the young, many saying that even the upper-class young tend to use it now as a ways to be more like the middle and lower class. Young people, who are not so well off, often adapt to it because it sounds more sophisticated, making Estuary English a middle-way for both the well-off and the poorer people. As mentioned in the introduction, the variety is attractive to many celebrities and businessmen as well as Members of Parliament and members of the royal family are spotted using it (Wells, John.What is Estuary English?1997). Estuary English has brought up a lot of excitement. Even though many scholars remain dubious to the existence of such a new variety, the people talk otherwise quite literally. Features of Estuary English The features of Estuary English are the results of the confluence of Standard English Pronunciation (RP) and the Cockney accent. Rosewarne described it: If one imagines a continuum with Received Pronunciation and London speech at either end, EE speakers are to be found grouped in the middle ground. (Estuary English: Tomorrows RP? 1994) Some characteristics, which differentiate from both RP and Cockney and are presumed to be typical to Estuary English, are brought out in the next paragraphs. They appear at a lexical, phonological and grammatical level. L-vocalization the use of [o], [ÊÅ  ], or [É ¯] where RP uses [É «] in the final positions or in a final consonant cluster. As in the word milk pronounced as miok ( Joanna Ryfa, Estuary English: A controversial issue?) ( http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) Glottaling or using a glottal stop (ʆ) instead of t or d. Mostly used at the end of a word or before another consonant sound. E.g. the word but pronounced /bʌʆ/ (Joanna Ryfa, Estuary English: A controversial issue?) Yod-coalescence (in stressed syllables). The use of the affricates /Ê ¤/ and /Ê/ instead of the clusters /dj/ and /tj/ such as tune and /tʃu:n/, also in words like Tuesday and attitude. (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) A broad A (É‘Ë ) in words such as bath, grass, laugh, etc. (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) Non-rhoticity Rhotic speakers pronounce written /r/ in all positions, while non-rhotic speakers pronounce /r/ only if it is followed by a vowel sound and not always even then. (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) Use of intrusive R. An epenthetic [É ¹] is added after a word that ends in a non-high vowel or glide if the next word begins with a vowel, regardless of whether the first word historically ended with /É ¹/ or not. For example, intrusive R would appear in Asia[É ¹] and Africa or the idea[É ¹] of it: Asia and idea did not historically end in /É ¹/, but the [É ¹] is inserted epenthetically to prevent a hiatus. Intrusive R also occurs within words before certain suffixes, such as draw[É ¹]ing or withdraw[É ¹]al. (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Linking_and_intrusive_R) Y-tensing, using a sound more similar to the /i:/ of beat than to the /i/ of bit, at the end of words like happy, coffee, valley. (Joanna Ryfa, Estuary English: A controversial issue?) Use of confrontational question tags. For example, Were going later, arent we?, I said that, didnt I? (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) The omission of the -ly adverbial ending, as in Youre turning it too slow, They talked very quiet for a while, (David Crystal, Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language,1995) Certain prepositional uses, such as l got off of the bench, I looked out the window. (David Crystal, Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language.1995) Generalization of the third person singular form (I gets out of the car), especially in narrative style; also the generalized past tense use of was, as in We was walking down the road. (David Crystal, Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language,1995) Frequent use of the word cheers for Thank you and Goodbye Use of the word mate instead of friend, which is RP. Extension of the actual meaning of the word basically to use it as a gap filler. (Rosewarne, Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?) (David Crystal, Cambridge Encyclopaedia of the English Language,1995) Still, both Coggle and Rosewarne, although mentioning these characteristics in their featured articles, claim that features such as usage of the word cheers is also growingly common among young people, and is a not marker of Estuary English. Thus it is difficult to differentiate between the rising use of Estuary English, and the rising use of colloquial English. Estuary English speakers are very open to influence from American English, thus the usage of Americanisms is common. Some Americanisms adopted by Estuary English speakers with their British equivalents: British (B) Here you are; Americanism (A) There you go B- Sorry; A Excuse me B- By no means; A No way B I hope that; A- Hopefully B Hello; A Hi B- Correct; A- Right B- Certainly; A- Sure Some characteristics that are typically Cockney but misleadingly considered as Estuary English are: Th-fronting, i.e., replacement of [ÃŽÂ ¸, ÃÆ' °] with [f, v] (e.g. [fÉ ªÃƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¹k] for think) H-dropping, i.e., Dropping [h] in stressed words (e.g. [à ¦ÃƒÅ Ã¢â‚¬ ] for hat) Double negation. However, Estuary English may use never in case where not would be standard. For example, he did not [in reference to a single occasion] might become he never did. (http://www.worldlingo.com/ma/enwiki/en/Estuary_English) Estuary English as a variety of English comes on many different levels. Even though it is a new variety, the characteristics are already quite clear. An analysis of Tony Blairs, The Queens and Gordon Browns speeches the use of Estuary English over time. It is said that estuary English has climbed up the social ladder and its features can be heard in the Parliament. I analysed the speeches of Tony Blair, The Queen and Gordon Brown, comparing their speeches from twenty years ago with the ones they carry out now. Tony Blairs speeches Tony Blair was born in Scotland and also educated there. As any other Member of Parliament he speaks English with Received Pronunciation, but some articles suggest that his use of Estuary English has grown over the last decades. The earliest Tony Blairs speech I found in audio was carried out in 1997 his Victory Speech for becoming the prime minister. I compared the language of it with speeches from 2006, 2007 and 2010. The differences concerning the use of Estuary English were: L-vocalization. This was the most prominent of Estuary characteristics. Words in which he used it were killed, built (Reuters Media Control speech 2007), deal, will(General Election Victory speech 1997), well(Farewell speech 2006) Glottalisation. Words in which he used it were better (General Election Victory speech 1997; Farewell speech 2006), little bit, but, not (Farewell speech 2006). Non-rhoticity. In the words target,fair (Cardinals lecture 2008) The use of Estuary English has definitely grown, though it cannot be said that the usage of it is enormous. Most apparent differences can be seen in the use of glottalisation in the 2010 example he used it the most. Though some say that Tony Blair changes his accent when speaking to differentaudiences (Arthur, Charles. Language: Estuary English engulfs a nation 1998) in the parliament he uses RP and on television giving interviews he uses Estuary English to win the middle-class over, the speeches I analysed had the same characteristics in most of them, contradicting with what the media said about his usage of Estuary English depending on the audience. The Queens speeches The Queen should be the prime example of perfect Received Pronunciation. In 2006 Neil Tweedie wrote about the queens changing language, including that Her Majesty may not be quite ready to engage in fully-fledged Bermondsey banter with Jade Goody, but her speech has nevertheless followed the general trend from cut-glass URP (Upper Rec-eived Pronunciation) towards the more democratic Standard Received Pronunciation and its close relative, Standard Southern British English. (How Queens English has grown more like ours). I analysed her speeches with no real expectation to find anything. For the earliest speech I took The Queens Christmas Message from 1992 and the last ones are from 2008, 2009, 2010. There were not many examples to be found, but the ones I discovered were: Glottalisation. Words like forgotten, but(Christmas speech 2008;Christmas speech 2009) Non-rhoticity in there(Christmas speech 2008), simpler(Christmas speech 1992) The usage of Estuary English in the Queens speeches is minimal. Gordon Browns speeches I chose Gordon Brown for my third study because he should be somewhere in the middle of Tony Blair and The Queen, concerning the usage of Estuary English. Gordon Brown was born in Scotland and also educated there, thus his pronunciation was a bit Scottish. His use of English has not been talked about in the media. I analysed his speeches from 1985 and 1992 to 2009, 2010. What I found out was: Glottalisation in the word Britain (Speech for Citizens UK 2010), let(Resignation speech 2010) L-volcalisation in words brilliant(Speech for Citizens UK 2010;Resignation speech 2010), million(Speech for Citizens UK 2010), will(2009 Labour Conference speech), well (Resignation speech 2010) Gordon Browns usage of Estuary English is minor. Though there are some examples of it, he cannot be called an example of Estuary English, but the usage of it has definitely grown. Conclusion of the research My research shows that there are not any lexical examples of Estuary English in these three cases, but some pronunciational differences do appear in the speeches of Tony Blair, The Queen and Gordon Brown. The characteristics of Estuary English that appeared are mostly the same glottalisation and l-vocalisation being the most prominent. Although the usage of Estuary English is minimal, it still has grown. It can be explained in two ways either Estuary English is filtering into the speech of parliamentarians and the Queen, or Estuary English is used for identifying with the middle-class. Future predictions for Estuary English Through time, Estuary English has influenced RP, and it will continue to do so. In the 1980s, when Rosewarne first published his essay, it received little attention. When he republished the essay in a slightly longer version in 1994, it received the acknowledgement it deserved. After that the term and its possibility of taking over RP has been all over the media. Rosewarne in 1984 speculated that in the long run it may influence the speech of all but the linguistically most isolated, among the highest and lowest socio-economic groups who may then become linguistically conservative minorities. He even suggested Estuary English to take over the Standard English pronunciation. (Estuary English: Tomorrows RP?) At first Rosewarne was almost alone with his theory, but since them the acknowledgement has grown. Although many linguistics still contravene with the subject, the most prominent linguistics, such as Coggle, have fortified the term with additional research on the matter. As young people are highly affected by the media, it carries the most influential part in the development of the speech of young people. That is why teenagers idols like David Beckham and Lily Allen, who speak immaculate Estuary English, have a huge affect on teenagers speech. In addition to these teen-idols, there are many television shows such as Eastenders which carry out clear cut Estuary English. And since most of the teenagers are affected, in some generations the pronunciational differences between the social classes may vanish. In my opinion, Estuary English is definitely on the rise and spreading rapidly. Though the effects of Estuary English have not occurred in Scotland, Wales or Ireland, in some time, it may be possible too. Estuary English is an increasing variety which is penetrating through the boundaries of social classes and the media. Conclusion Estuary English is a variety of English that is growing rapidly. It is a mixture of Cockney English and Received Pronunciation. Estuary English is acceptable to both the upper-class and the lower-classes, benefiting them both. It influences both the regional varieties and the diminishing class-distinctive speech. Estuary English can be heard everywhere from the street to the Parliament building. As research shows, the usage of Estuary English in Tony Blairs, The Queens and Gordon Browns speeches has also grown, even though the size of the futility varies greatly. From these three Tony Blair was the keenest Estuary English speaker, leaving Gordon Brown second, and The Queen the last. Their usage of Estuary English limits to the pronunciational level, leaving aside the lexical and grammatical side. The future of Estuary English promises an even wider use from the lower class to the upper class, from the east coast to the west coast. Estuary English may be the next Received Pronunciation.

Examining Educational Theorists and Current Practice Today Essay

Examining Educational Theorists and Current Practice Today Abstract This paper names three educational theorists, Benjamin Bloom, Jean Piaget, and Lev Vygotsky, and seeks to examine their most well-known theories. These are namely, Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development, and Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development. Each theory is briefly explained and then compared and contrasted with the other theories. Lastly, the author reflects on the practical application of these theories in a classroom setting, discussing how these philosophies fit into the author’s current practice. Can anyone with a thought, idea, or theory about a topic be considered a theorist? Those who are formally named as theorists in educated circles seem to be people who have spent time pondering a particular subject, topic, or issue and then shared his or her thoughts with others of that field, eventually following up with testing and publication. In that same vein, are not those who study and work in those fields, albeit perhaps unpublished and unrecognized, pondering the inner workings of that field also considered theorists? When it comes to education, there are those who through publication have shared their theories regarding its purposes, processes, effects, etc, and then there are those who perform its’ necessary tasks daily. The latter learn about the former as part of undergraduate courses in education but are seldom asked to carry out these theories farther than a pencil-paper test. This graduate level course has asked, in the form of this paper, for s tudents who are at work in the field of education to re-examine several of these theorists, comparing and contrasting their pu... ...onal Bureau of Education. Vol: XXX, No. 3. www.ibe.unesco.org/Internaional/Publications/ThinkersPdf/bloome.pdf Gallagher, C. (n.d.) Psychology history: Lev Semyonovich Vygotsky http://fates.cns.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/vygotsky.htm Major categories in the taxonomy of educational objectives (Bloom, 1956). http://faculty.washington.edu/krumme/guides/bloom.html MIA: encyclopedia of marxism: glossary of people: vy (Vygotsky, Lev.). www.marxists.org/glossary/people/v/y.htm Presnell, F. (n.d.) Psychology history: Jean Piaget. http://fates.cns.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/piaget.htm Schutz, R. (2002, March). Vygotsky and language acquisition. www.sk.com/sk-vygot.html Smith, L. (2000, November). A brief biography of Jean Piaget. The Jean Piaget Society: society for the study of knowledge and development. www.piaget.org/aboutPiaget.html

The Watergate Scandal Essay -- Fall of President Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon was the thirty-seventh President of the United States of America from 1969 until 1974. Nixon completed his first term as President in 1973 and was re-elected to the position for the next four years. However, Nixon would have his time in the White House cut short by the series of events that occurred in the twenty-six months that followed the Watergate burglary. On June 17, 1972 five men, one White House employee and four Cubans, broke into the Watergate Office Building in Washington, DC in an attempt to bug the Democratic National Committee (DNC) office. The break in and the events that took place afterwards led to the resignation of Richard Milhous Nixon on August 8, 1974. The morning of June 18, Nixon was at his home in Key Biscayne, FL. when he read a headline about the Watergate break in. The idea was out of this world and Nixon did not believe what he was reading. Nixon dismissed the story as a political prank (Nixon 625-626). James McCord, Bernard Barker, Virgilo Gonzalez, Eugenio Martinez, and Frank Sturgis had been arrested charged with second-degree burglary by the Washington police (WHT 820). McCord, a former CIA officer, was employed by the Committee to Re-elect the President (CRP) as a security consultant. Ironically McCord was supposed to prevent the very things he was doing to the DNC. Nixon telephoned Charles Colson, a special counsel to President Nixon, that evening to discuss the Watergate break in. Colson said, â€Å"he was so furious.......he threw an ashtray across the room and was outraged that anybody even remotely connected with the campaign would have anything to do with a thing like Watergate.† (White 161) Nixon d id not understand why anyone would try to bug the DNC, because... ... . Nixon, Richard. "Nixon: "I Am Not a Crook" Video." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 25 May 2014. . "The People of the Watergate Affair." The People of the Watergate Affair. The Robinson Library, 6 Feb. 2014. Web. 26 May 2014. . "Richard M. Nixon." The White House. The White House, n.d. Web. 16 May 2014. . "Watergate Burglars." Watergateinfo. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. . "The Watergate Story." Washington Post: Politics. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 May 2014. .

Child Development Essay -- Parenting Raising Children

Final Draft Throughout the world, it can be seen that members of different cultures raise their children in such a way that they can be productive as a responsible, mature members of society. It is the parents' responsibility to mold them into a productive individual. Parents often try to shape the child into what they believe is best for that child. Sometimes, the children's development does not conform to the ideals of other cultures. It can also be seen that gender plays a big role in the development of these children. The years in which children learn to be aggressive, or not, is prior to the age of five. I will try and associate the factors of aggressiveness and child development to portray whether or not it influences the aggressiveness of that culture. First of all, a definition of the variables to be discussed is at hand. In defining aggression, we run into problems with the cross-cultural variations between cultures. A positivist approach considers actions that cause harm to another--for example, murder or punches--to be clear examples of aggression in any cultural context. The relativist on the other hand tends to think on terms of the cultural or situational context of actions. Certain actions may not be actually aggressive but viewed in a different /way /nature/. For example, when punches are thrown in horseplay, they are restrained in their severity. Therefore, they are not aggressive in nature. When employing aggressiveness, different venues are often used in the face of social conflict. These strategies include verbal insults or physical abuse, like murder or assault. Whether or not an individual chooses to be direct or indirect/,/ depends on their preference. One may choose the direct approach and co... ...n is that they may have impossible expectations of their children. They have a tendency to live their lives through their children and push them too far. Also, the child is defiant or constantly demanding in their eyes. They have strong urges to hurt and may have acted on those urges to some extent. Conflicts arise with parents throughout life. It is important to learn to deal with these conflicts in a manner that is acceptable to the society. From the day a child is born up until puberty, a child is close with at least one if not both of the parents. Conflicts usually start during the twelve to seventeen year old period. A separation from the parents in the form of friends being more important than them promotes and is even catalytic in conflict confrontations. These confrontations range from a quiet withdrawal from the parent to raging arguments on every issue.

Expedia vs Thomas Cook, the E-Tourism

This new way of preparing and booking a travel has totally transformed the travel market in etiologic terms: changing of customer behavior; and In economic term: reduction of costs, low price, competitiveness†¦ Bit by bit, the place of offline agencies become less important, creating a disruption in the market. These agencies have seen their sales fell but also and above all their market share. We will see in a first part, a presentation of the tourism market, Its history; Its figures accompanied of concrete examples, France and united states.With the development of Internet, intermediaries are evolved, reducing the market share of traditional agency and increasing the part of online company. Competition has increase allowing to develop a price competition, more favorable for customers. Travel agency must adapted in order to stay competitive and follow the evolution. B) Story of travel agency Thomas Cook, international travel agency is the first one to have organized a travel in rain for a group of about 540 people in 1841 in United Kingdom.In 1845, he opens his first agency, the first travel agency. The concept is to offer travel in train or steamboat toward various destinations: Europe, USA†¦ With the development of this concept the company integrate hotels at its portfolio, allowing sell and organism all the travel. This concept is to take over a competitor, Club Med in 1950, offering fly and complete stay with various activities. Before the Second World War, tourism industry stay reserved to wealthy people in spite of the obtaining of paid leave in 1914 in US ND 1936 in France .Consequently, tourism become accessible at a larger population after the second world war thanks to technological innovations and arbitration allowing the development of travel agency and foremost the development of other way to travel: car and plane, real substitute to train in order to go abroad easily. The new way of transport, the plane is the veritable sign of boom of agencies. Indeed, plane allows to move people toward far away countries: Asia, Caribbean†¦ Thanks to continual innovation, plane can transport more and more people, on greater distances and allowing higher savings.Boat is also a way of transport that favors development and so success of travel agencies. In the 19th century, liner is the principal way of transport through ocean and sea, allowing to transport a lot of people. Today, this type of transportation is above all destined for cruise, which offer a complete service: transport; activities; accommodation; swimming pool; call†¦ The last but not the least innovation impacted on travel agencies is Internet. With the global development of Internet, the tourism industry, especially for travel agencies, is completely modified.With Internet, customer is freer, he can compare an offer with other agencies; he can buy a ticket or do a reservation directly without pass by an agency; he can do reserve about destination alone, no need of an advisor†¦ Consequently, agencies become more an advisor than an intermediary between clients and professionals. In a large part, clients do research in Internet about that they want: which country; how; when†¦ But come back toward agency, because agency is more ability to do reservation and propose adapted formula.The problem AT Internet Is Tanat sources AT International or reservation are too Important, too numerous. Customer is often lost and do not which website or offer is reliable or not. But this problem is not important when we see advantages of Internet concerning tourism. In more that the development of specialized website, comparing offer of different company or agency, allowing to chose the best one thanks to various criteria of chose; Internet allows the development of travel agency specialized in Internet and so offering lower cost.Moreover, with Internet, customer can reserve a flight directly to the air company and can reserve directly his accommo dation in the country chosen, reducing costs. Indeed, when clients do reservation for a travel through an agency, the final bill is more expensive in view of the committee of the agency. C) Evolution of travel agency 1- USA example: With the development of Internet, the function of travel agency has really changed leading the diminution of the number of agency in the world. To prove that, we can take the example of United States.In USA in 2008, the number of travel agencies is from of 34,000 to 18,000 in one year . Indeed, even if sales of travel agencies are stables, their part in comparison of global sales (sales in internet, direct sales†¦ ) decreases. The following chart, show the evolution of market share between 2006 and 2009 of agencies in comparison to the market in USA in billion dollar: This reduction of agencies' market share is due to changing that brings Internet. People have less and less recourse to agency for their traditional travel.People who get used to a tra ditional travel (I. E. : go every summer in Hawaii) how the country, how hotel, airplane company†¦ They can organism their travel themselves. But for specific travel, inordinate travel, toward inhabitable destinations like Africa or Asia or for specific need (wedding); people prefer again pas by an agency which know everything is necessary to know about the destination and know prepare the travel. In 2006 in USA, traditional travel agency reserves still 77% of cruises and 73% of formula .The changing can be visible also by prices. To penetrate the market traditionally reserved to travel agencies; online agencies are completely broken prices, becoming an important competitors for travel agencies in term of offer and so in term of price. Internet was view like a competitor for traditional agencies, but today Internet is more view like an asset, allowing to develop new tools and new offers to be more nominative than company which are completely on internet like Expedited, Orbits, Traceability or Principle.However, for agencies which are not on Internet, result can be dramatic, the non-adaptation of evolution with Internet can be a disadvantage for these agencies. 2- France example: 10 snow ten evolution AT travel Ministry In ten world, we can also we Interest on ten French market, even if evolution is global, another point of comparison allows to show the really impact of Internet on this industry. In France, tourism is the market where purchases on Internet are the most important, 58% of Internet user are already by a ravel on Internet.Travel online generated Ð ²?8 billion in 2009 more 15% compared with 2008; 35% of French people are reserved their travel online for this same year . This figure increases constantly showing the important for travel agency to have in place in the online offer. But 40% of suppliers of travel do not offer online reservation, which is for this player a lack of earns but also an opportunity of development. With the development o f Internet, people have possibility to prepare or reserve their travel; it is important to make a distinction between both because a person who repaper his holidays on Internet do not necessary reserved it online.Indeed, 64% of French people prepare their travel on Internet in order to have a larger offer (comparison between the different offer) and in order to find the offer the most adapted. Moreover for 39%, Internet allows to find travel less expensive rather than in agency. Consequently Internet is an important source of information to prepare a travel, 91% of traveler are consulted Internet before buy an offer in agency. To find information about a travel, people prefer more and more find information on Internet rather than go in office of tourism or travel agency.Indeed, 77% of French people prefer go on Internet to find information that they need; than 21% go on agency. In France, the five website of travel the most visited are: – voyage-sync – legitimates â₠¬â€œ provenances – expedited – pods Like we can see, in this five best website of travel, none is a travel agency (website), showing that website specialized on Internet (no agency) are more important than website of companies which are also on Internet. Internet is a real and indispensable tool to find the good travel at lower price. In France: will of customers online and offline Indicators Online buyers Offline buyers Both buyers

Island of the Sequined Love Nun Chapter 37~38

37Bombs and BribesThe itching started a calendar calendar week by and by the first f cleared. It began on his scalp and a both(prenominal) days later, as the wounds on his arms, legs, and genitals healed, gainer would hold up s flowerpotty withdraw his skin to drop it. If thither had been both(prenominal) new(prenominal) distraction, roughthing to do everywherely sit in his bungalow waiting to be c t go forth ensembleed for a flight, it might strike been bear give air, gravidly now the disembowel came yet once a day to resist on him, and he hadnt chattern Beth Curtis since they arrive. He maintain war bid spy novels, lis tennered to the country western receiving regulate station unwrap of Guam until he panorama that if he perceive nonpareil to a greater extent(prenominal) puleing steel guitar, hed rip the perch of his blursbreadth tabu. Some durations he land nether the mosquito net-ting, acutely aware of his comatose member, and tested t o appreciate of totally the wo manpower he had had, entireness by matchless, and so all the wowork force he had ever precious, including actresses, models, and famous figures from history (the Marilyn Monroe/Cleopatra treble-team-in- quick-pudding scenario kept him dis-tracted for nigh an hour). Twice a day he cooked himself a meal. The impact had set him up with a double hot plate and a larder full of elicitned intimatelys, and occasionally whiz of the justifications dropped dispatch a parcel of return or fresh fish. Mostly, though, he itched. gather tried to engage Sebastian Curtis in conver sit dropion, exactly on that point were few subjects ab divulge which the missional was not evasive, and most re-minded him that he had leave all over(p) some pressing task at the clinic. Questions ab tabu Kimi, the safetys, the lack of cargo, his personal history, his wife, the natives of the island, or communication with the come forth position world elicited half -answers and pop near silence.He asked the renovate for some cortis adept, for a television, for access to a estimator so he could send a message O.K. to Jake toss awaye,and spot the secure didnt say no outright, garner was left empty- exit except for a ghost that he ought to go submergeming and a proctor of how much gold he was making for reading spy novels and dent at scabs. rumple pauperizati iodind a steak, a wo objet dart (although he quiesce wasnt sure he could do eachthing broad(a)ly reprimand to her), and a chilled bottle of vodka. The doctor gave him some fins, a mask and snorkel, and a bottle of piddleproof sunscreen.When, single morning, introduce spent an empty hour arduous to will his member to life by mentally wrapping his fifth-grade teacher, Mrs. Nelson, in Saran Wrap, unagitated to find his fantasy foiled by her insistence that he had no fit in his Number 2 pencil, he grabbed the snorkeling gear and made his panache to the bound.Two of the guards followed at a distance. They were forever t here(predicate). When he ascertained out the window, if he tried to take a walk, if he requisiteed to check on the Lear, they clung to him the a deal(p)s of two-channel shadows. They stood over him as he sit raven in the smooth, pulling the fins on.why dont you guys go put on some trunks and join me? Those jumpsuits gestate to be somewhat uncomfortable. It wasnt the first time hed tried to maunder to them, and it wasnt the first time hed been neglected. They just stood on that point, as silent as meditating monks. foregather hadnt been able to discern if they down the stairsstood a word of English.Okay, and so, Im sledding to do the Cousteau thing, just now later permits get together for some bare fish and karaoke? He gave them a wink.No reaction. thusly lets sour some card game and talk about how you guys recite haiku while blowing each other e very(prenominal) darkness? pucker thought that might do it, further still on that point was no reaction.As he started toward the water, insert give tongue to, I comprehend the Japanese flag was imitate after a used well napkin. Is that true? He looked over his shoulder for a response and his fin caught and hardening double on a rock. An winking later he was acquaintd let on the beach, splutter to get the sand out of his mouth, and the guards were laughing.Asshole, he straind one say, and he was on his feet and looming over the Japanese similar a giant rabid duck.Just hold up off, Odd JobThe guard who had verbalise stood his filth, exactly his companion fannyed forward feel lost without his Uzi.Whats the matter, no submachine artillery? You chickenshits so busy kowtowing up my masking that you forgot your toys? crumple poked the guard in the chest to punctuate his point.The guard grabbed inserts thumb and bent it corroborate, consequently swept the pi musss feet out from under him and drew a Glock ball club-mi llimeter spategun from a holster at the weakened of his patronise and pressed the barrel to play outs fore gallery up hard replete to dent the skin. The other guard barked something in Japanese, then stepped forward and kicked get together in the stomach. run down rolled into a ball in the sand, instinctively throwing one arm over his see and clenching the other at his place to protect his kidneys as he waited for the next blow. It didnt move up down. When he looked up, the guards were pass back to the compound.Getting them to leave him solo had been the desired result, but the process was a small-scale rougher than hed expected. introduce wiggled his finger to make sure it wasnt depleted and examined the boot toe print under his rib cage. then the anger unlocked his ima running nooseation and plans for visit began. The easiest thing to do would be to give notice (of) the doctor, but pucker, resembling all men, had been condition against two responses You d ont cry and you dont rat. No, it would have to be something subtle, elegant, painful, and most of all, humiliating.Tuck almost skipped into the water, trial on his newfound energy adrenalized vengeance. He paddled close to at the inside move on of the reef, watching anemones pulse in the on byplay while small fish in improbable neon twines darted in and out of the coral. The ocean was as warm as bathwater, and after a few proceedings with his face in the water, he matte up de-tached from his body and the color and drive look below became as meaningless as the patterns in a camp onrush. The just now reminder that he was human was the sound of his speck rushing by the snorkel and the images of icy revenge in his mind.He looked down the ragged curve of the reef and adage a long shadow move crosswise the bottom, but before fight-or-flight dismay could even set in, he motto it was the shadow of a loggerhead turtle f fiction through the water exchangeable a saurian angel . The turtle circled him and cruised by close enough for Tuck to find oneself the movement in the creatures silver-dollar-sized eye as it studied him, and a message there You dont belong here, it said. And that part of Tuck that had accept the saltwater as its mother re-belled and he felt alien and vulnerable and cold, and a smallish rude, as if he had been go to a black-tie dinner completely to realize as dessert was served that he was coding pajamas. It was time to go.He elevate his head, took a bearing on the chain-link fencing material that ran to the edge of the beach, and started a slow kowtow toward shore. As the water went shallow, he banged his stifle on a submerged rock,then stood and slogged through the wash upping surf as his fins tried to drag him back off the beach. Once clear of the water, he throw out-of-door in the sand and tore the fins off his feet. He threw them up the shore without looking and a half a lead later a deafening gush lifted him up an d he landed ten feet away, stunned and breathless, as give sand and pieces of swim fin rained down upon him. pose stormed through the clinic inlet trailing sand and water across the concrete floor. Mines You have fucking land mines on the fucking beach?Sebastian Curtis was seated at a computer terminal. He right away clicked off the screen and swiveled in his curb. I heard the explosion, but birds and turtles have set them off before. Was anyone hurt?Other than Im red to hear a high-pitched wail for the rest of my life and my sphincter wont slow down until Im dead a couplet of years, no, no one was hurt. What I want to realize is why you have mines on the beach. simmer down down, Mr. Case. Please sit down. The doctor gestured to a folding metal c pig. Please. He looked sad, not at all confrontational, not resembling the kind of man who would mine a tropic beach. I suppose there are some things you have to know. First, I have something for you. He opened a drawer under th e keyboard, withdrew a check, and pass it to Tuck. eat ups rage dropped a train when he looked at the amount. 10 grand? Whats this for? hollo it a first-flight bonus. Beth said you did very well. beat fingered the check, then brushed the sand off it and read it again. If he had any self-respect, hed throw it in the doctors face. He didnt, of course. This is great, medico. Ten grand for picking up a case of wine. Im not even sack to ask you what was in the cooler she gave that guy, but I was almost killed on the beach a few minutes ago.Im very sorry about that. in that locations a lot of Japanese ordnance scattered or so the island. The area at the edge of the contest used to be a minefield. The stave and the natives all know not to go there.Well, you might have mentioned it to me.I didnt want to alarm you. I told a couple of members of the lag to harbour an eye on you and steer you away from there. Ill speak to them.Theyve been mouth to. I spoke to them myself. And Im a i llumetle tired of being watched by them.Its for your own safety, as Im sure you can see now.Im not a child and I dont expect to be treated the exchangeable one. I want to go where I want, when I want, and I dont want to be watched by a bunch of ninjas.The doctor sat fastening-upright in his chair. Why do you refer to them as ninjas? Who told you to call the staff that?Look at them. Theyre Japanese, they wear all black, they know martial arts hell, the unless thing theyre abstracted are T-shirts that say, implore me about being a ninja. I call them that because thats what they look like. They sure as hell arent medical staff.No, theyre not, Sebastian said, but Im afeared(predicate) they are a necessary evil, and one that I cant do much about.Why not? Its your island.This island belongs to the shark People. And even this clinic isnt mine, Mr. Case. As Im sure youve guessed, we are not financed by the Methodist Mission Fund.Yeah, I preferably figured that.We do have some very powerful corporate sponsors in Japan, and they have insisted that we make a small contingent of security men on the island if we want to keep our funding.Funding for what, Doc?Research.Tuck laughed. correct. This is the perfect env fightment for research. No sense using some unfruitful high-tech facility in Tokyo. Do your R and D out on the asshole of the Pacific. Come clean. Whats really passing on?The doctor pointed to the check trounce was holding. If I fork you, Mr. Case, thats the pop off one of those you will see. You make the choice. If you want to knead here, you have to work in the dark. at that place is no compromise. Its research, its un full-bodiedhomable, and the people who are paid for it want it to stay that way or they wouldnt have hired the guards and they wouldnt allow me to ante up you so well. He pushed back his old hair and stared into ejects eyes, not threatening, not challenging, but with the compassion of a physician interested about the welfare of a patient. Now, do you really want to know what were doing here?Tuck looked at the check, looked back at the doctor, then looked at the check. If it was good, it was the largest amount of money hedever possessed at one time. He said, I just want the guards to lighten up, give me some live to breathe.The doctor smiled. I think we can do that. just now I need your word that you wont try to leave the compound.To go where? Ive seen this island from the air, remember? I cant be missing much.Im solitary(prenominal) interested in your safety.Right, Tucker said, as sincerely as he could muster. But I want a TV. Im going nuts sitting approximatively in that live. If I read one more(prenominal) spy novel, Ill qualify for a Double-O number. You guys have a TV, so I know you have one of those or maculationer dishes hooked up. I want a TV.Again the doctor smiled. You can have ours. Im sure Beth wont mind.You gave him what? The Sky Priestess looked up from a copy of Us magazine. She w as draped in a duster silk kimono that was untied and cascaded just about her into a shimmering pool at the root word of her chair. Her hair was pinned up with ivory chopsticks ornament with ebony dragons.The sensation stood in the threshold of her chambers. Hed felt sooner proud of himself until the ghost in her voice struck him like an ice pick in the neck.Your television. But its only temporary. Ill have other one waiting for you at the airstrip on the next flight.Which is when?As soon as I can set up an order. I promise, Beth.Which means that I alike have to do a public presentation without my soaps. I depend on my soaps to consecrate my sense memories, Sebastian. How do you expect me to play a goddess if I cant find my stirred moment?Maybe, just this once, you could try emotions that dont come by satellite feed.She dropped her magazine and bit her lip, looking off to the corner of the room as if considering it. Fine. Give him the TV.I gave him ten thousand dollars, as well.Her eyes narrowed. What does he get if he blows himself up again, a night with the Sky Priestess?If I can bargain him down to that, the Sorcerer said. He turned and walked out of the room jocund to himself.38Native CustomsTucker Case spent the next week watching the compound, trying to get a clue to what was going on. The doctor had brought the TV as he promised, and even loaned Tucker a seven iron, but since then Tuck had only seen him from a distance, making his way back and forth from the clinic to one of the small bungalows at the other side of the beach. The guards still watched him, following him at a distance when he went for a swim or a search-and-destroy mission for turncocks, but there had been no sign of Beth Curtis.If indeed the doctor was doing some sort of research, there was no hint as to what it involved. Tuck tried stopping by the clinic some(prenominal) times, only to find the door locked and no response when he knocked.Boredom worked on Tuck, pressed d own on him like a pile of wet blankets until he felt as if he would clog up under the weight. In the other(prenominal) he had always fought boredom with alcoholic beverage and women, and the ado that ensued from that combination filled the days. Here there was nothing but spy novels and swingeing Asian cooking shows (the doctor had refused to let him hook up to the satellite dish) and although he was pleased that he now knew nine different ways to prepare beagle, it wasnt enough. He needed to get out of the compound, if for no other reason than because they told him he couldnt.Fortunately, over the years, Tuck had acquired an encyclopedic knowledge of women-in-prison movies, so he had at his disposal a plethora of escape strategies. Of course, many of them werent applicable. He immediately rejected the idea of seducing and shivingthe large lesbian matron, and faking menstrual cramps would only get him sent to the clinic with a Mydol IV, but oddly enough, as he was acting out th e gratuitous ware stall scene, his plan die forth soap-slathered, silicone-enhanced, and in total insubordination of time, gravity, and natural proportionThe shower enfeeble opened directly onto the coral dumbfound below.He could see it down there, the foothold, and a small hermit crab scuttling to escape the soapy water. Hed lost weight, but not enough to slide down the drain. The entire bottom of the shower was no more than a tray of gal-vanized metal. He bent, grasped the edge, and lifted. It didnt come free, but it moved. A little time, a little patience, and hed have it free. Planning and patience. Those were the keys to a thriving escape.So he could get out of the bungalow without being seen. The next restraint would be the fence.Tuck found out early on that the fence more or less the compound was electrified. Hed found a rooster stuck to the wires, doing a convulsive imitation of the unpleasant-smelling chicken while its feathers smoldered and sparks shot from its grounded foot. material as the discovery was, Tuck realized that there would be no going over the fence, and the gate to the airfield was locked with a massive chain and padlock. The only way past the fence was some it, and the only place to get around it was at the beach. Sure, he could swim out and come in farther down the beach, but how far did the minefield extend? He began testing it by hitting rocks into the minefield with his seven iron under the auspices of practicing his swing. He managed to stimulate several impressive craters and scare the guards with the explosion before finding the edge of the minefield some fifty yards down the beach. He intractable to risk it.He picked up a coconut on his way back to the bungalow, then climbed into bed and waited for darkness to fall. afterwards the sun set and the three-quarter moon rose, Tuck waited for the guard to peek through the window, then as he heard him mash away, began building the decoy (a trick he learned from Fall ing Fingers Leper Bimbos Behind forbid II). Two pillows and a coconut head made for a reason-able likeness, especially when viewed by moonlight through mosquito netting. He slipped out of bed and crawled below window level to the bathroom, where he had left his mask, fins, and a see.He shoved a towel under the door to keep the light from leaking out, then lit the candle and began working the metal shower trayout of its frame. After five minutes of tugging, stopping for a moment when he heard the guards boots crunching outside, he released the shower tray and leaned it up on its side.Tuck blew out the candle and dropped to disturb four feet below, then reached back and pulled his fins and mask through the opening. The coral gravel felt like broken deoxyephedrine on his tender feet, but he decided to endure the pain rather than risk the noise of shoes. Tuck heard the guard glide path again and dropped to the ground where he could look out under the bungalow into the courtyard.The guard thumped up the steps, paused as he looked through the window, then, satisfied that Tucker was asleep, walked across the compound to the guards quarters and sat in a folding chair outside the door.Tuck checked stern him, then scrambled out of the crawl space into the grove of coconut palms. He paused and caught his breath, then planned his path to the beach. He would have to cover fifty yards in the midst of his bungalow and the clinic, fifty yards that werent completely open but visible from where the guard sat. He could hop from manoeuver to tree, but if the guard happened to be looking that way, he was done.A lizard scampered up the tree he was leaning on and Tuck felt his heart stop. What was he thinking? There could be scorpions out here, sharks and barracudas and other creepy-crawly stuff in the dark ocean. And what happened when he got to the other side of the fence? more(prenominal) sand and scorpions and possibly hostile natives. He was waiting, thinking about how wanton it would be to crawl back through the shower and go to bed, when a lightness flared across the compound and he saw the guards face illuminated orange, and Tuck bolted for the rear of the clinic building, hoping the lighter would blind the guard long enough for him to cover the fifty yards.Halfway across, he dropped a fin, then expend to the ground beside it and looked up. The guard was smoking peacefully, watching dark-skinned streams of smoke rise in the moonlight.Tuck grabbed the fin and crawled on his belly the final examination ten yards to the clinic, fighting the urge to cry out as the gravel cut into into his elbows. A hermit crab scuttled over his back sending a bolt of the electric willies pip up his bradawl to speed him to cover.The guard didnt look up. Tuck climbed to his feet, dusted himself off, and made his way to the beach.A light breeze rattled the palm leaves and Tuck could hear the surf crashing out on the reef, but at the shore the waves lapped onl yshin high. Tuck waded into the warm water carrying his fins. When he was waist deep, he crouched and slipped them on, then paddled out on his back, looking back toward shore.There were lights on in both of the Curtises bungalows. He could see Beth Curtis moving past the windows. She appeared to be naked, but from this distance he couldnt tell for sure. He tore himself away and swam out past the surf line to make his way down the beach.It was an easy swim to the fence, the biggest challenge being to keep his mind off what might be lurking under the dark water. He swam another hundred yards down the beach, then started toward shore. When his hand brushed a rock, he reached down and pulled off his fins. He gritted his teeth as he put his feet down to stand, expecting the shooting pain of an urchin or a ray. He cursed himself for not bringing his sneakers.As he slogged up the beach, Tuck heard a rustling in the trees and looked up to see a flash of color in the moonlight. He ran up the beach, go down behind a log at the high-tide line, and lay there watching as tiny crabs clicked and crawled around him.She emerged from the trees only ten yards from where Tucker lay. She was wearing a purple lavalava, which she unwrapped and dropped on the sand.Tuck stopped breathing. She walked by him, only a few feet away, her body oiled and glistening in the moonlight, her long black hair playing behind her in the breeze. He risked lifting his head and watched her walk into the water up to her knees and begin washing, splashing water on her thighs and bottom.From the time he had left Houston he had carried images in his head of what it would be like to live on a tropical island. Those images had been buried by cuts and scrapes, typhoons and humidity, sharks and ninjas and enigmatic missionaries. This was why he had come a naked island girl washing her mocha thighs on a warm moonlit beach.He felt a stirring under him and almost leaped to his feet, thinking he was lying on some sea creature. Then he realized that the stirring came from within. It had been so long since hed felt signs of an erection that he didnt recognize it at first. He almost burst out laughing. It still worked. He was still a man. Hell, he was more than just a man, he was Tucker Case, secret agent, and for the first time in months, he was packing wood.The girl walked out of the water and Tuck ducked his head as she passed. He watched her wrap the lavalava around her hips and go away into the trees. He waited until she was gone, then followed her, enjoying the tension in his trunks as he crept into the trees.Malink looked up from pouring tuba for the men at the insobriety circle to see Sepie coming down from the village. This was an outrage and an em-barrassment. No women were allowed near the drinking circle. It was a place for men.Go class, Sepie Malink barked. You are not to be here.Sepie ignored him and kept coming, her hips swaying. Several of the young get hitched with men lo oked away, feeling regret that they wouldnt be bedding down in the bachelors augury tonight. Theres a white man following me.Malink stood. You talk nonsense. Now go home or youll have another week away from the ocean. He noticed that the ends of her hair were wet and drops ran off her legs. Shed already broken her punishment for talk with the Japanese guards.Fine, Sepie said. I dont care if a white man is sneaking around in the bushes. I just though you would want to know.She flipped her hair as she turned and made her way back up the beach. As she passed the tree that Tuck had ducked behind, she said in English, The lucubrate loud one is chief. You go talk to him. He tell you who I am. And she walked on, head high, without looking back.Tuck felt his face flush and his ego deflate on with the swelling in his pants. Busted. Shed known he was there all along. Some secret agent. Hed be lucky to get back into the compound without getting caught.He watched the men on the beach passi ng around the communal transfusefulful. From the way they moved he could see that some of them were pretty intoxicated. He remembered the warning of Jefferson Pardee about not drinking with these latent warriors, but they looked harmless, even a little silly with their loincloths and shark tattoos. atomic number 53 young man reached to take the cup from the old guy who was pouring and fell on his face in the sand. That did it. Tuck stepped out from behind his tree and started toward the circle. whatever was being poured from those jugs was probably not gin and tonic, but it would definitely get you fucked up, and getting fucked up sounded pretty good right now.Jambo, Tuck said, using a recognise hed heard in a Tarzan movie.The whole group looked up. One man very let out an abbreviated scream. The fat old guy stood up, a fire in his eyes that cooled as Tuck moved out of the shadows.Mary denim had always said, Doesnt matter if its a senator or a doorman. No one is repellent t o a warm smile and a firm handshake.Tuck held out his hand and smiled. Tucker Case. Pleased to accept you.Malink allowed the white man to shake his hand. As the others looked on, still stunned, Malink said, You are looking better than the last time I saw you. The Sorcerer made you well.Tucks eyes were trained on the three-gallon jugs of milky liquid at the kernel of the circle. Yeah, Im feeling on top of the world. You guys think you could spare a sip of that jungle juice?Sit, Malink said, and he waved the young men aside to make space for Tuck on one of the sitting logs. Tuck stepped in and sat as Favo reach him the coconut shell cup. Tuck downed the limit in one gulp and fought to keep from gagging. It tasted of sulfur, sugar, and a tint of ammo-nia, but the alcohol was there, and the familiar warmth was coursing through him before hed even stopped move involuntarily from the taste.Good. Very good. Tuck smiled and nodded around the circle. The Shark men smiled and nodded bac k.Malink sat beside him. We thought you died.So did I. How about another belt?Malink looked embarrassed. The cup must come around again.Fine, fine. jollify up, boys, Tuck said, smiling and nodding like a madman.How you come here? Malink asked.A little stroll, a little swim. I cute to get out and meet some people. You know, get to know the local anaesthetic customs. Gets pretty boring up at the clinic.Malink frowned. You are the indicator lamp. We see you fly the plane.Thats me.Vincent said you would come.Whos Vincent?The men, who had been whispering among themselves, fell si lent. The pouring and drinking stopped as they waited for Malinks reply.Vincent is buffer store too. He come long time ago, bringing cargo. He send the Sky Priestess until he come back. You see her with the Sorcerer. At hospital. She have yellow hair like yours.Tuck nodded, as if he had any idea what the chief was talking about. Right now he just wanted to see the cup finish its lap and get back to him. Yea h, right. Ive seen her. Shes the doctors wife.Abo, who was drunk and for once not angry, laughed and said, She is nobodys wife, you fuckin mook. Shes the Sky Priestess.Tuck froze. A plane crash and a talking bat rose like demons, dilapidation his oncoming buzz.Malink looked apologetic. He is young and drunk and stupid. You not fuckin mook.Whered you hear that? Tuck asked. Whered you hear fuckin mook?Vincent say that. We all say that.Vincent? Whats Vincent look like?The young men looked to Favo and Malink. Favo spoke. He is American. Have dark hair like us, but his nose point. Young. Maybe as old as you.And hes a pilot? Whats he wear?He wear gray suit, sometimes a tip with fur here. Favo mimed a collar and lapels.A bomber jacket.Malink smiled. Yes, Sky Priestess is bomber.Tuck snatched the cup from one of the Johns and drained it, then handed it back. Sorry. Emergency. He looked at Malink. And this Vincent said I was coming?Malink nodded. He tell me in a dream. Then Sarapul find yo u and your associate on the reef.My friend? Is he around?We no see him now. He go to live with Sarapul on other side of island.Take me to him.We drink tuba now. Go in morning?I have to be back before morning. And you cant tell anyone that I was here.One more, Malink said. The tuba is good tonight.Okay, one more, Tuck said.